• Age: 18
• Grade: 12

In Brokering Empire, E. Natalie Rothman explores the intersecting worlds of those who regularly traversed the early modern Venetian-Ottoman frontier, including colonial migrants, redeemed slaves, merchants, commercial brokers, religious converts, and diplomatic interpreters. In their sustained interactions across linguistic, religious, and political lines these trans-imperial subjects helped to shape shifting imperial and cultural boundaries, including the emerging distinction between Europe and the Levant.

Rothman argues that the period from 1570 to 1670 witnessed a gradual transformation in how Ottoman difference was conceived within Venetian institutions. Thanks in part to the activities of trans-imperial subjects, an early emphasis on juridical and commercial criteria gave way to conceptions of difference based on religion and language. Rothman begins her story in Venice's bustling marketplaces, where commercial brokers often defied the state's efforts both to tax foreign merchants and define Venetian citizenship. The story continues in a Venetian charitable institution where converts from Islam and Judaism and their Catholic Venetian patrons negotiated their mutual transformation. The story ends with Venice's diplomatic interpreters, the dragomans, who not only produced and disseminated knowledge about the Ottomans but also created dense networks of kinship and patronage across imperial boundaries. Rothman's new conceptual and empirical framework sheds light on institutional practices for managing juridical, religious, and ethnolinguistic difference in the Mediterranean and beyond.

E. Natalie Rothman's profile page

• •Winner, 2013 Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation Boo

E. Natalie Rothman is Associate Professor of History at the University of Toronto.

The history of trade and diplomacy between Venice and the Ottoman Empire is quite in favor these days and an important contribution is made by E. Natalie Rothman.... Just as the First Crusade benefited the Byzantine Empire and set up what were called for a couple of centuries crusader states, so trade with the East through Venice, chiefly, rearranged political realities and relationships between people.

Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance

E. Natalie Rothman's important and groundbreaking book focuses on persons she dubs trans-imperial subjects. Focusing on the period from the Battle of Lepanto (1571) until the end of the War of Crete (1669), Rothman argues that persons who inhabited and negotiated the interstices between the Venetian and the Ottoman empires served as 'imperial boundary-markers.” Brokering Empire is a model of careful research, especially in its subtle analysis of petitions and trial records. Very few first books challenge longstanding assumptions and accepted verities and make readers want to head straight to the archives to dig further. Rothman's book does both. This is a book that deserves a wide and attentive readership, one not confined to those interested in the history of the Venetian and Ottoman empires.

Renaissance Quarterly

Rothman's work wonderfully illustrates a point that ethnographers and historians of race have come to understand in general terms, but that has a much wider significance and deserves a much broader audience.... Whether ancestral, religious, gendered, or ethnic, categories of difference are political constructs that those who do the categorising create and those who are categorised ultimately undermine. Therein lies the potentially liberating relationship between structure and human agency. Natalie Rothman's important and erudite book is a salutary reminder of that potential.

English Historical Review

Rothman's investigation is based on an impressive volume of untapped Venetian primary sources and is backed by copious notes and a vast bibliography. Her incisive analytical approach and persuasive argumentation are combined with a vivid and colorful narrative, richly illustrated by biographical accounts of trans-imperial subjects. This is undoubtedly an important study, with broad implications for a reevaluation of early modern European history.

Sixteenth Century Journal

Brokering Empire is a dense and rich study of 'trans-imperial subjects', and the intermediaries who moved between Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Rothman argues that between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the way in which Ottoman difference was described in Venice evolved profoundly, from a legal and commercial conception to a more cultural one, based mainly on ethnicity, language and religion. But as she shows throughout this accomplished and stimulating book, identities were fluid, as was the way in which people interacted in Venetian society in the early modern period.

European History Quarterly

Consistent in her anthropological method of working on institutional sites, Rothman creates a site, or rather, an archive of various texts and documents in which the term Levantine is used. From that site she then reads its Mediterranean genealogy of alterity. Throughout the book, Rothman's analysis is supported by extensive references and quotations from the sources, and several appendices, which all bring the sites of research and those who 'inhabit' them to the close proximity of the reader.

Journal of Modern History