The fur trade was the heart of the French empire in early North America. The French-Canadian (Canadien) men who traversed the vast hinterlands of the Hudson Bay watershed, trading for furs from Indigenous trappers and hunters, were its cornerstone.

Though the Canadiens worked for French colonial authorities, they were not unwavering agents of imperial power. Increasingly they found themselves between two worlds as they built relationships with Indigenous communities, sometimes joining them through adoption or marriage, raising families of their own. The result was an ambivalent empire that grew in fits and starts. It was guided by imperfect information, built upon a contested Indigenous borderland, fragmented by local interests, and periodically neglected by government administrators. Heirs of an Ambivalent Empire explores the lives of the Canadiens who used family and kinship ties to navigate between sovereign Indigenous nations and the French colonial government from the early 1660s to the 1780s.

Acting as cultural intermediaries, the Canadiens made it possible for France to extend its presence into northwest North America. Over time, however, their uncertain relationships with the French colonial state splintered imperial authority, leading to an outcome that few could have foreseen – the emergence of a new Indigenous culture, language, people, and nation: the Métis.

Scott Berthelette is Red River Métis, a member of the Manitoba Métis Federation, and assistant professor in the Department of History at Queen’s University.

Scott Berthelette's profile page

“Bringing attention to a largely neglected but critical region – the immense Hudson Bay watershed – Berthelette makes a major intervention in the history of the French empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the relationship between Indigenous peoples and key agents of empire, and the rise of the Métis Nation.” Michael McDonnell, University of Sydney